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Micronutrient Information Center

References: Fluoride


1.  Cerklewski FL. Fluoride bioavailability--nutritional and clinical aspects. Nutr Res. 1997;17:907-929.

2.  Nielsen FH. Ultratrace minerals. In: Shils M, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1999:283-303.

3.  Cerklewski FL. Fluoride--essential or just beneficial. Nutrition. 1998;14(5):475-476.

4.  Cerklewski FL. Fluorine. In: O'Dell BL, Sunde RA, eds. Handbook of nutritionally essential minerals. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc; 1997:583-602.

5. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Fluoride. Dietary Reference Intakes: Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press; 1997:288-313.  (National Academy Press)

6.  Centers for Disease Control. Achievements in public health, 1900-1999: fluoridation of drinking water to prevent dental caries. MMWR. 1999;48:933-940.

7.  DePaola DP. Nutrition in relation to dental medicine. In: Shils M, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1999:1099-1124.

8.  Krall EA, Dawson-Hughes B. Osteoporosis. In: Shils M, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1999:1353-1364. 

9.  Fabiani L, Leoni V, Vitali M. Bone-fracture incidence rate in two Italian regions with different fluoride concentration levels in drinking water. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 1999;13(4):232-237.  (PubMed)

10.  Lehmann R, Wapniarz M, Hofmann B, Pieper B, Haubitz I, Allolio B. Drinking water fluoridation: bone mineral density and hip fracture incidence. Bone. 1998;22(3):273-278.  (PubMed)

11.  Sowers M, Whitford GM, Clark MK, Jannausch ML. Elevated serum fluoride concentrations in women are not related to fractures and bone mineral density. J Nutr. 2005;135(9):2247-2252.  (PubMed)

12.  Cesar Libanati K-H. Fluoride therapy for osteoporosis. In: Marcus R, ed. Osteoporosis. San Diego: Academic Press; 1996:1259-1277.

13.  Haguenauer D, Welch V, Shea B, Tugwell P, Adachi JD, Wells G. Fluoride for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporotic fractures: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2000;11(9):727-738.  (PubMed)

14.  Riggs BL, Hodgson SF, O'Fallon WM, et al. Effect of fluoride treatment on the fracture rate in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 1990;322(12):802-809.  (PubMed)

15.  Ringe JD, Kipshoven C, Coster A, Umbach R. Therapy of established postmenopausal osteoporosis with monofluorophosphate plus calcium: dose-related effects on bone density and fracture rate. Osteoporos Int. 1999;9(2):171-178.  (PubMed)

16.  Reginster JY, Meurmans L, Zegels B, et al. The effect of sodium monofluorophosphate plus calcium on vertebral fracture rate in postmenopausal women with moderate osteoporosis. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129(1):1-8.  (PubMed)

17.  Pak CY, Sakhaee K, Adams-Huet B, Piziak V, Peterson RD, Poindexter JR. Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with slow-release sodium fluoride. Final report of a randomized controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1995;123(6):401-408.  (PubMed)

18.  Balena R, Kleerekoper M, Foldes JA, et al. Effects of different regimens of sodium fluoride treatment for osteoporosis on the structure, remodeling and mineralization of bone. Osteoporos Int. 1998;8(5):428-435.  (PubMed)

19.  American Dietetic Association. Position of the American Dietetic Association: the impact of fluoride on health. J Am Diet Assoc. 2001;101(1):126-132.  (PubMed)

20.  Murray TM, Ste-Marie LG. Prevention and management of osteoporosis: consensus statements from the Scientific Advisory Board of the Osteoporosis Society of Canada. 7. Fluoride therapy for osteoporosis. CMAJ.1996;155(7):949-954.  (PubMed)

21.  Alexandersen P, Riis BJ, Christiansen C. Monofluorophosphate combined with hormone replacement therapy induces a synergistic effect on bone mass by dissociating bone formation and resorption in postmenopausal women: a randomized study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84(9):3013-3020.  (PubMed)

22.  Van Winkle S, Levy SM, Kiritsy MC, Heilman JR, Wefel JS, Marshall T. Water and formula fluoride concentrations: significance for infants fed formula. Pediatr Dent. 1995;17(4):305-310.  (PubMed)

23.  Tate WH, Chan JT. Fluoride concentrations in bottled and filtered waters. Gen Dent. 1994;42(4):362-366.

24.  McGuire S. Fluoride content of bottled water. N Engl J Med. 1989;321(12):836-837.

25.  Marshall TA, Levy SM, Warren JJ, Broffitt B, Eichenberger-Gilmore JM, Stumbo PJ. Associations between Intakes of fluoride from beverages during infancy and dental fluorosis of primary teeth. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004;23(2):108-116.  (PubMed)

26.  Pendrys DG. Risk of enamel fluorosis in nonfluoridated and optimally fluoridated populations: considerations for the dental professional. J Am Dent Assoc. 2000;131(6):746-755.  (PubMed)

27.  Levy SM, Kohout FJ, Guha-Chowdhury N, Kiritsy MC, Heilman JR, Wefel JS. Infants' fluoride intake from drinking water alone, and from water added to formula, beverages, and food. J Dent Res. 1995;74(7):1399-1407.  (PubMed)

28. Fein NJ, Cerklewski FL. Fluoride content of foods made with mechanically separated chicken. J Agric Food Chem. 2001;49(9):4284-4286.  (PubMed)

29.  Kiritsy MC, Levy SM, Warren JJ, Guha-Chowdhury N, Heilman JR, Marshall T. Assessing fluoride concentrations of juices and juice-flavored drinks. J Am Dent Assoc. 1996;127(7):895-902.  (PubMed)

30.  Adair SM. Overview of the history and current status of fluoride supplementation schedules. J Public Health Dent. 1999;59(4):252-258.  (PubMed)

31.  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for using fluoride to prevent and control dental caries in the United States. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2001;50(RR-14):1-42.  http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5014a1.htm

32.  Whitford GM. The metabolism and toxicity of fluoride. Vol 13. Basel: S. Karger AG; 1996.

33.  National Research Council. Health effects of ingested fluoride. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press; 1993.

34.  Minerals. Drug Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis: Facts and Comparisons; 2000:27-51.