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Micronutrient Information Center

References: Iodine


1. Hetzel BS, Clugston GA. Iodine. In: Shils M, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1999:253-264.

2.  Dunn JT. What's happening to our iodine? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83(10):3398-3400. (PubMed)

3.  Larsen PR, Davies TF, Hay ID. The thyroid gland. In: Wilson JD, Foster DW, Kronenberg HM, Larsen PR, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 9th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 1998:389-515.

4.  World Health Organization. Eliminating Iodine Deficiency disorders. World Health Organization, [Web page]. 04/09/2003. http://www.who.int/nut/idd.htm. Accessed 04/11/2003.

5.  Andersson M, Takkouche B, Egli I, Allen HE, de Benoist B. Current global iodine status and progress over the last decade towards the elimination of iodine deficiency. Bull World Health Organ. 2005;83(7):518-525. (PubMed)

6.  Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Iodine. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press; 2001:258-289. (National Academy Press)

7.  United Nations Children's Fund. The State of the World's Children 2007, UNICEF. New York; 2006. p. 109.

8.  Levander OA, Whanger PD. Deliberations and evaluations of the approaches, endpoints and paradigms for selenium and iodine dietary recommendations. J Nutr. 1996;126(9 Suppl):2427S-2434S. (PubMed)

9.  DeLong GR, Leslie PW, Wang SH, et al. Effect on infant mortality of iodination of irrigation water in a severely iodine-deficient area of China. Lancet. 1997;350(9080):771-773. (PubMed)

10.  Hetzel BS. Iodine and neuropsychological development. J Nutr. 2000;130(2S Suppl):493S-495S. (PubMed)

11.  Tiwari BD, Godbole MM, Chattopadhyay N, Mandal A, Mithal A. Learning disabilities and poor motivation to achieve due to prolonged iodine deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;63(5):782-786. (PubMed)

12.  Bleichrodt N, Shrestha RM, West CE, Hautvast JG, van de Vijver FJ, Born MP. The benefits of adequate iodine intake. Nutr Rev. 1996;54(4 Pt 2):S72-78. 

13.  Hendler SS, Rorvik DR, eds. PDR for Nutritional Supplements. Montvale: Medical Economics Company, Inc; 2001.

14.  Knudsen N, Bulow I, Laurberg P, Ovesen L, Perrild H, Jorgensen T. Association of tobacco smoking with goiter in a low-iodine-intake area. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162(4):439-443. (PubMed)

15.  Remer T, Neubert A, Manz F. Increased risk of iodine deficiency with vegetarian nutrition. Br J Nutr. 1999;81(1):45-49. (PubMed)

16.  Davidsson L. Are vegetarians an 'at risk group' for iodine deficiency? Br J Nutr. 1999;81(1):3-4.

17.  Zimmermann MB, Aeberli I, Torresani T, Burgi H. Increasing the iodine concentration in the Swiss iodized salt program markedly improved iodine status in pregnant women and children: a 5-y prospective national study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(2):388-392. (PubMed)

18.  Thomson CD, Woodruffe S, Colls A, Doyle TD. Urinary iodine and thyroid status of New Zealand residents. In: Roussel AM, Anderson RA, Favier A, eds. Trace Elements in Man and Animals. Vol 10. New York: Kluwer Academic Press; 2000:343-344.

19.  Hollowell JG, Staehling NW, Hannon WH, et al. Iodine nutrition in the United States. Trends and public health implications: iodine excretion data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys I and III (1971-1974 and 1988-1994). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83(10):3401-3408. (PubMed)

20.  Iodine Level, United States, 2000. [Web page]. January, 2007. National Center for Health Statistics. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/iodine.htm. Accessed 7/11/2007.

21.  Summary of Iodine Nutrition in Western & Central Europe. [Web page]. 2007. International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders. Availabe at: http://www.iccidd.org/pages/protecting-children/global-efforts/western-central-europe.php. Accessed 7/11/2007.

22.  Zanzonico PB, Becker DV. Effects of time of administration and dietary iodine levels on potassium iodide (KI) blockade of thyroid irradiation by 131I from radioactive fallout. Health Phys. 2000;78(6):660-667. (PubMed)

23.  Nauman J, Wolff J. Iodide prophylaxis in Poland after the Chernobyl reactor accident: benefits and risks. Am J Med. 1993;94(5):524-532.

24.  Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Consideration of potassium iodide in emergency plans. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Final rule. Fed Regist. 2001;66(13):5427-5440. (PubMed)

25.  Eskin BA, Grotkowski CE, Connolly CP, Ghent WR. Different tissue responses for iodine and iodide in rat thyroid and mammary glands. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1995;49(1):9-19. (PubMed)

26.  Ghent WR, Eskin BA, Low DA, Hill LP. Iodine replacement in fibrocystic disease of the breast. Can J Surg. 1993;36(5):453-460. (PubMed)

27.  Kessler JH. The effect of supraphysiologic levels of iodine on patients with cyclic mastalgia. Breast J. 2004;10(4):328-336. (PubMed)

28.  Pennington JAT, Schoen SA, Salmon GD, Young B, Johnson RD, Marts RW. Composition of core foods of the U.S. food supply, 1982-1991. III. Copper, manganese, selenium, iodine. J Food Comp Anal. 1995;8:171-217.

29.  Delange F. Risks and benefits of iodine supplementation. Lancet. 1998;351(9107):923-924.

30.  Feldt-Rasmussen U. Iodine and cancer. Thyroid. 2001;11(5):483-486. (PubMed)