1. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Riboflavin. Dietary Reference Intakes: Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press; 1998:87-122. (National Academy Press)
2. Brody T. Nutritional Biochemistry. 2nd ed. San Diego: Academic Press; 1999.
3. McCormick DB. Riboflavin. In: Shils M, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1999:391-399.
4. Powers HJ. Current knowledge concerning optimum nutritional status of riboflavin, niacin and pyridoxine. Proc Nutr Soc. 1999;58(2):435-440. (PubMed)
5. Rivlin RS. Riboflavin. In: Ziegler EE, Filer LJ, eds. Present Knowledge in Nutrition. 7th ed. Washington D.C.: ILSI Press; 1996:167-173.
6. Hoey L, McNulty H, Strain JJ. Studies of biomarker responses to intervention with riboflavin: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(6):1960S-1980S. (PubMed)
7. Bohles H. Antioxidative vitamins in prematurely and maturely born infants. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1997;67(5):321-328. (PubMed)
8. McCormick DB. Two interconnected B vitamins: riboflavin and pyridoxine. Physiol Rev. 1989;69(4):1170-1198. (PubMed)
9. Madigan SM, Tracey F, McNulty H, et al. Riboflavin and vitamin B-6 intakes and status and biochemical response to riboflavin supplementation in free-living elderly people. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68(2):389-395. (PubMed)
10. Lowik MR, van den Berg H, Kistemaker C, Brants HA, Brussaard JH. Interrelationships between riboflavin and vitamin B6 among elderly people (Dutch Nutrition Surveillance System). Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1994;64(3):198-203. (PubMed)
11. Jacques PF, Bostom AG, Wilson PW, Rich S, Rosenberg IH, Selhub J. Determinants of plasma total homocysteine concentration in the Framingham Offspring cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73(3):613-621. (PubMed)
12. Jacques PF, Kalmbach R, Bagley PJ, et al. The relationship between riboflavin and plasma total homocysteine in the Framingham Offspring cohort is influenced by folate status and the C677T transition in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene. J Nutr. 2002;132(2):283-288. (PubMed)
13. Powers HJ, Weaver LT, Austin S, Beresford JK. A proposed intestinal mechanism for the effect of riboflavin deficiency on iron loss in the rat. Br J Nutr. 1993;69(2):553-561. (PubMed)
14. Powers HJ, Hill MH, Mushtaq S, Dainty JR, Majsak-Newman G, Williams EA. Correcting a marginal riboflavin deficiency improves hematologic status in young women in the United Kingdom (RIBOFEM). Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93(6):1274-1284. (PubMed)
15. Powers HJ. Riboflavin-iron interactions with particular emphasis on the gastrointestinal tract. Proc Nutr Soc. 1995;54(2):509-517. (PubMed)
16. Kalaivani K. Prevalence & consequences of anaemia in pregnancy. Indian J Med Res. 2009;130(5):627-633. (PubMed)
17. Worldwide prevalence of anaemia 1993-2005: WHO global database on anaemia. de Benoist B, McLean E, Egli I, Cogswell M, eds. 2008; World Health Organization Press. Available at: http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/
micronutrients/anaemia_iron_deficiency/9789241596657/en/. Accessed 7/22/13.
18. Pena-Rosas JP, Viteri FE. Effects of routine oral iron supplementation with or without folic acid for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006(3):CD004736. (PubMed)
19. Suprapto B, Widardo, Suhanantyo. Effect of low-dosage vitamin A and riboflavin on iron-folate supplementation in anaemic pregnant women. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2002;11(4):263-267. (PubMed)
20. Ma AG, Schouten EG, Zhang FZ, et al. Retinol and riboflavin supplementation decreases the prevalence of anemia in Chinese pregnant women taking iron and folic Acid supplements. J Nutr. 2008;138(10):1946-1950. (PubMed)
21. Crombleholme WR. Obstetrics. In: Tierney LM, McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA, eds. Current Medical Treatment and Diagnosis. 37th ed. Stamford: Appleton and Lange; 1998:731-734.
22. Wacker J, Fruhauf J, Schulz M, Chiwora FM, Volz J, Becker K. Riboflavin deficiency and preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;96(1):38-44. (PubMed)
23. Wang XM, Wu HY, Qiu XJ. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene C677T polymorphism and risk of preeclampsia: an updated meta-analysis based on 51 studies. Arch Med Res. 2013;44(3):159-168. (PubMed)
24. Xia XP, Chang WW, Cao YX. Meta-analysis of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism and susceptibility to pre-eclampsia. Hypertens Res. 2012;35(12):1129-1134. (PubMed)
25. Braekke K, Ueland PM, Harsem NK, Karlsen A, Blomhoff R, Staff AC. Homocysteine, cysteine, and related metabolites in maternal and fetal plasma in preeclampsia. Pediatr Res. 2007;62(3):319-324. (PubMed)
26. Neugebauer J, Zanre Y, Wacker J. Riboflavin supplementation and preeclampsia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2006;93(2):136-137. (PubMed)
27. Heese P, Linnebank M, Semmler A, et al. Alterations of homocysteine serum levels during alcohol withdrawal are influenced by folate and riboflavin: results from the German Investigation on Neurobiology in Alcoholism (GINA). Alcohol Alcohol. 2012;47(5):497-500. (PubMed)
28. Soares MJ, Satyanarayana K, Bamji MS, Jacob CM, Ramana YV, Rao SS. The effect of exercise on the riboflavin status of adult men. Br J Nutr. 1993;69(2):541-551. (PubMed)
29. Ruston D, Hoare J, Henderson L, et al. The National Diet & Nutrition Survey: adults aged 19 to 64 years: Nutritional status (anthropometry and blood analytes), blood pressure and physical activity. Volume 4. London: The Stationary Office; 2004.
30. Mares-Perlman JA, Brady WE, Klein BE, et al. Diet and nuclear lens opacities. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;141(4):322-334. (PubMed)
31. Leske MC, Wu SY, Hyman L, et al. Biochemical factors in the lens opacities. Case-control study. The Lens Opacities Case-Control Study Group. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;113(9):1113-1119. (PubMed)
32. Cumming RG, Mitchell P, Smith W. Diet and cataract: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 2000;107(3):450-456. (PubMed)
33. Hankinson SE, Stampfer MJ, Seddon JM, et al. Nutrient intake and cataract extraction in women: a prospective study. BMJ. 1992;305(6849):335-339. (PubMed)
34. Jacques PF, Taylor A, Moeller S, et al. Long-term nutrient intake and 5-year change in nuclear lens opacities. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123(4):517-526. (PubMed)
35. McNulty H, Strain JJ, Pentieva K, Ward M. C(1) metabolism and CVD outcomes in older adults. Proc Nutr Soc. 2012;71(2):213-221. (PubMed)
36. Holmes MV, Newcombe P, Hubacek JA, et al. Effect modification by population dietary folate on the association between MTHFR genotype, homocysteine, and stroke risk: a meta-analysis of genetic studies and randomised trials. Lancet. 2011;378(9791):584-594. (PubMed)
37. Wilcken B, Bamforth F, Li Z, et al. Geographical and ethnic variation of the 677C>T allele of 5,10 methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR): findings from over 7000 newborns from 16 areas world wide. J Med Genet. 2003;40(8):619-625. (PubMed)
38. McGlynn AP, Wasson GR, O'Reilly SL, et al. Low colonocyte folate is associated with uracil misincorporation and global DNA hypomethylation in human colorectum. J Nutr. 2013;143(1):27-33. (PubMed)
39. Guenther BD, Sheppard CA, Tran P, Rozen R, Matthews RG, Ludwig ML. The structure and properties of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase from Escherichia coli suggest how folate ameliorates human hyperhomocysteinemia. Nat Struct Biol. 1999;6(4):359-365. (PubMed)
40. Yin G, Ming H, Zheng X, Xuan Y, Liang J, Jin X. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T gene polymorphism and colorectal cancer risk: A case-control study. Oncol Lett. 2012;4(2):365-369. (PubMed)
41. Gao S, Ding LH, Wang JW, Li CB, Wang ZY. Diet folate, DNA methylation and polymorphisms in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase in association with the susceptibility to gastric cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2013;14(1):299-302. (PubMed)
42. Wen YY, Yang SJ, Zhang JX, Chen XY. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genetic polymorphisms and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma susceptibility: a meta-analysis of case-control studies. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2013;14(1):21-25. (PubMed)
43. Powers HJ, Hill MH, Welfare M, et al. Responses of biomarkers of folate and riboflavin status to folate and riboflavin supplementation in healthy and colorectal polyp patients (the FAB2 Study). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007;16(10):2128-2135. (PubMed)
44. Zschabitz S, Cheng TY, Neuhouser ML, et al. B vitamin intakes and incidence of colorectal cancer: results from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;97(2):332-343. (PubMed)
45. Kennedy DA, Stern SJ, Matok I, et al. Folate Intake, MTHFR Polymorphisms, and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Cancer Epidemiol. 2012:952508. doi: 10.1155/2012/952508. (PubMed)
46. He Y, Ye L, Shan B, Song G, Meng F, Wang S. Effect of riboflavin-fortified salt nutrition intervention on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a high incidence area, China. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2009;10(4):619-622. (PubMed)
47. Bassett JK, Hodge AM, English DR, et al. Dietary intake of B vitamins and methionine and risk of lung cancer. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012;66(2):182-187. (PubMed)
48. Bassett JK, Baglietto L, Hodge AM, et al. Dietary intake of B vitamins and methionine and breast cancer risk. Cancer Causes Control. 2013;24(8):1555-1563. (PubMed)
49. Bassett JK, Severi G, Hodge AM, et al. Dietary intake of B vitamins and methionine and prostate cancer incidence and mortality. Cancer Causes Control. 2012;23(6):855-863. (PubMed)
50. Qiao YL, Dawsey SM, Kamangar F, et al. Total and cancer mortality after supplementation with vitamins and minerals: follow-up of the Linxian General Population Nutrition Intervention Trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009;101(7):507-518. (PubMed)
51. Schoenen J, Jacquy J, Lenaerts M. Effectiveness of high-dose riboflavin in migraine prophylaxis. A randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 1998;50(2):466-470. (PubMed)
52. Sandor PS, Afra J, Ambrosini A, Schoenen J. Prophylactic treatment of migraine with β-blockers and riboflavin: differential effects on the intensity dependence of auditory evoked cortical potentials. Headache. 2000;40(1):30-35. (PubMed)
53. Boehnke C, Reuter U, Flach U, Schuh-Hofer S, Einhaupl KM, Arnold G. High-dose riboflavin treatment is efficacious in migraine prophylaxis: an open study in a tertiary care centre. Eur J Neurol. 2004;11(7):475-477. (PubMed)
54. Maizels M, Blumenfeld A, Burchette R. A combination of riboflavin, magnesium, and feverfew for migraine prophylaxis: a randomized trial. Headache. 2004;44(9):885-890. (PubMed)
55. MacLennan SC, Wade FM, Forrest KM, Ratanayake PD, Fagan E, Antony J. High-dose riboflavin for migraine prophylaxis in children: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Child Neurol. 2008;23(11):1300-1304. (PubMed)
56. Bruijn J, Duivenvoorden H, Passchier J, Locher H, Dijkstra N, Arts WF. Medium-dose riboflavin as a prophylactic agent in children with migraine: a preliminary placebo-controlled, randomised, double-blind, cross-over trial. Cephalalgia. 2010;30(12):1426-1434. (PubMed)
57. Cotelli MS, Vielmi V, Rimoldi M, et al. Riboflavin-responsive multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency with unknown genetic defect. Neurol Sci. 2012;33(6):1383-1387. (PubMed)
58. Olsen RK, Olpin SE, Andresen BS, et al. ETFDH mutations as a major cause of riboflavin-responsive multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation deficiency. Brain. 2007;130(Pt 8):2045-2054. (PubMed)
59. Liang WC, Ohkuma A, Hayashi YK, et al. ETFDH mutations, CoQ10 levels, and respiratory chain activities in patients with riboflavin-responsive multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Neuromuscul Disord. 2009;19(3):212-216. (PubMed)
60. Haack TB, Danhauser K, Haberberger B, et al. Exome sequencing identifies ACAD9 mutations as a cause of complex I deficiency. Nat Genet. 2010;42(12):1131-1134. (PubMed)
61. Nouws J, Nijtmans L, Houten SM, et al. Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase 9 is required for the biogenesis of oxidative phosphorylation complex I. Cell Metab. 2010;12(3):283-294. (PubMed)
62. Scholte HR, Busch HF, Bakker HD, Bogaard JM, Luyt-Houwen IE, Kuyt LP. Riboflavin-responsive complex I deficiency. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1995;1271(1):75-83. (PubMed)
63. Gerards M, van den Bosch BJ, Danhauser K, et al. Riboflavin-responsive oxidative phosphorylation complex I deficiency caused by defective ACAD9: new function for an old gene. Brain. 2011;134(Pt 1):210-219. (PubMed)
64. Garone C, Donati MA, Sacchini M, et al. Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy Due to a Novel Mutation in ACAD9. JAMA Neurol. 2013:1-3. (PubMed)
65. Chiong MA, Sim KG, Carpenter K, et al. Transient multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation deficiency in a newborn female caused by maternal riboflavin deficiency. Mol Genet Metab. 2007;92(1-2):109-114. (PubMed)
66. Ho G, Yonezawa A, Masuda S, et al. Maternal riboflavin deficiency, resulting in transient neonatal-onset glutaric aciduria Type 2, is caused by a microdeletion in the riboflavin transporter gene GPR172B. Hum Mutat. 2011;32(1):E1976-1984. (PubMed)
67. Bosch AM, Stroek K, Abeling NG, Waterham HR, Ijlst L, Wanders RJ. The Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere and Fazio Londe syndrome revisited: natural history, genetics, treatment and future perspectives. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2012;7:83. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-7-83. (PubMed)
68. Mackay RJ, McEntyre CJ, Henderson C, Lever M, George PM. Trimethylaminuria: causes and diagnosis of a socially distressing condition. Clin Biochem Rev. 2011;32(1):33-43. (PubMed)
69. Phillips IR, Shephard EA. Trimethylaminuria. 2007 Oct 8 (Updated 2011 Apr 19). In: Pagon RA, Adam MP, Bird TD, et al., editors. GeneReviews™ (Internet). Seattle: University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2013. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1103/.
70. Manning NJ, Allen EK, Kirk RJ, Sharrard MJ, Smith EJ. Riboflavin-responsive trimethylaminuria in a patient with homocystinuria on betaine therapy. JIMD Rep. 2012;5:71-75. (PubMed)
71. Niu WQ, You YG, Qi Y. Strong association of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene C677T polymorphism with hypertension and hypertension-in-pregnancy in Chinese: a meta-analysis. J Hum Hypertens. 2012;26(4):259-267. (PubMed)
72. Almawi WY, Khan A, Al-Othman SS, Bakhiet M. Case-control Study of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase mutations and hyperhomocysteinemia and risk of stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009;18(5):407-408. (PubMed)
73. Heux S, Morin F, Lea RA, Ovcaric M, Tajouri L, Griffiths LR. The methylentetrahydrofolate reductase gene variant (C677T) as a risk factor for essential hypertension in Caucasians. Hypertens Res. 2004;27(9):663-667. (PubMed)
74. Klerk M, Verhoef P, Clarke R, et al. MTHFR 677C→T polymorphism and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2002;288(16):2023-2031. (PubMed)
75. McNulty H, Dowey le RC, Strain JJ, et al. Riboflavin lowers homocysteine in individuals homozygous for the MTHFR 677C→T polymorphism. Circulation. 2006;113(1):74-80. (PubMed)
76. Horigan G, McNulty H, Ward M, Strain JJ, Purvis J, Scott JM. Riboflavin lowers blood pressure in cardiovascular disease patients homozygous for the 677C→T polymorphism in MTHFR. J Hypertens. 2010;28(3):478-486. (PubMed)
77. Wilson CP, Ward M, McNulty H, et al. Riboflavin offers a targeted strategy for managing hypertension in patients with the MTHFR 677TT genotype: a 4-y follow-up. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;95(3):766-772. (PubMed)
78. Wilson CP, McNulty H, Ward M, et al. Blood pressure in treated hypertensive individuals with the MTHFR 677TT genotype is responsive to intervention with riboflavin: findings of a targeted randomized trial. Hypertension. 2013;61(6):1302-1308. (PubMed)
79. Yuvaraj S, Premkumar VG, Vijayasarathy K, Gangadaran SG, Sachdanandam P. Augmented antioxidant status in Tamoxifen treated postmenopausal women with breast cancer on co-administration with Coenzyme Q10, Niacin and Riboflavin. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2008;61(6):933-941. (PubMed)
80. Hassan I, Chibber S, Khan AA, Naseem I. Riboflavin ameliorates cisplatin induced toxicities under photoillumination. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e36273. (PubMed)
81. Raiskup F, Spoerl E. Corneal crosslinking with riboflavin and ultraviolet A. I. Principles. Ocul Surf. 2013;11(2):65-74. (PubMed)
82. Hendler SS, Rorvik DR, eds. PDR for Nutritional Supplements. Montvale: Medical Economics Company, Inc; 2001.
83. Sugiyama M. Role of physiological antioxidants in chromium(VI)-induced cellular injury. Free Radic Biol Med. 1992;12(5):397-407. (PubMed)
84. Subramanian VS, Subramanya SB, Ghosal A, Said HM. Chronic alcohol feeding inhibits physiological and molecular parameters of intestinal and renal riboflavin transport. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2013; 305(5):C539-C546. (PubMed)
85. Russell RM, Suter PM. Vitamin requirements of elderly people: an update. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993;58(1):4-14. (PubMed)
86. Blumberg J. Nutritional needs of seniors. J Am Coll Nutr. 1997;16(6):517-523. (PubMed)
87. Lopez-Sobaler AM, Ortega RM, Quintas ME, et al. The influence of vitamin B2 intake on the activation coefficient of erythrocyte glutation reductase in the elderly. J Nutr Health Aging. 2002;6(1):60-62. (PubMed)
88. Gariballa S, Ullegaddi R. Riboflavin status in acute ischaemic stroke. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007;61(10):1237-1240. (PubMed)
89. Yazdanpanah N, Uitterlinden AG, Zillikens MC, et al. Low dietary riboflavin but not folate predicts increased fracture risk in postmenopausal women homozygous for the MTHFR 677 T allele. J Bone Miner Res. 2008;23(1):86-94. (PubMed)